Banned From School Curriculum By Robert Hirst - 1285 Words

If Huckleberry Finn is altered or banned from school curriculum, questions will surely be raised about censorship and whether or not it has become too extreme. Questions will also be raised as to why a word that is so often used in daily conversations could possibly get a work of literature banned. Robert Hirst, writer of â€Å"Huck Finn, Navigating Choppy Waters Again† touches on the subject of banning the book over its language. In his article, he touches on the fact that banning the book would lead to a â€Å"slippery slope† of consequences (Moore A.3). In this case, banning the story would lead to many other works of literature in question to possibly being banned as well. People will begin to feel that just because any story is offensive, it can be banned with no consequences. Little do they realize that by doing this, they are only creating a more corrupted society, not a more perfect one. By doing this, they are only deceiving children. Most children do not want to be deceived. They would rather hear the truth about something, no matter how cruel or offensive it may be. In a school setting, children need to be taught about the good, the bad, and the ugly truths that once existed. Censoring the truth from children will not prepare them for the competitive and somewhat unforgiving world that currently exists. Hirst also quotes two teachers in his article. Lindsey Franklin, an English teacher, says, ‘They use it (nigger) in the hallways. They hear it in music. They hear it allShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1976 Words   |  8 Pagesslaves was, something that many children are unaware of to this day. Besides the conflicts, the story also shows how people from two completely different backgrounds can bond with each other. In the story, friendship is represented strongly between Huck and Jim, something that those who wish to ban the book seem to ignore. In the book, Jim is nearly killed after he escapes fro m slavery. At this point, Huck says, â€Å"They hain’t no right to shut him up! Shove! And don’t you lose a minute. Turn him loose

Essay about Censorship In Radio - 1334 Words

 Censorship in radio For the past several years Freedom of speech in America has had it’s meaning changed many times. Although the changes have gone unnoticed by most Americans, In the radio business they are felt day in and day out. radio personalities, programmers, and owners have to deal with this everyday but they too have no real idea what the Federal Communications Commission’s idea of free speech is. You see the rule seems to change depending on who you are. If you are tagged by the FCC anything the broadcaster does or says is monitored and picked over and fined.( Howard stern. King Of All Media.165-166 ) The FCC has been picking on Howard Stern for years, they singled Howard for doing â€Å"trash radio†. But according to Stern†¦show more content†¦And with the heat the poem would have generated the program with some forceful help from the FCC type group called National Public Radio the poem was pulled and Espada was no longer allowed to read his poetry on the air. Now Espada was never fined from the FCC because his poem never made the air waves, but the real question is, If it had, would Espada been fined? probably not, Because so many deejays that do â€Å"trash radio† never even get looked at by the FCC Because they are not marked yet. This shows the hypocrisy of the FCC. I myself have lived in many different cities all across the United States and I’ve listened to just about every local deejay in those cities and they are all pretty much doing the same thing as Howard Stern, yet no fines hardly at all, I watch television and see the same type of show, again no fines, Joe salzman writes about the hypocrisy of free speech. ( hypocrisy rules the air waves.) He points out that shows like Seinfeld, (In prime time when most kids are watching) can talk about â€Å"Sexual intercourse, Masturbation, bodily functions, male and female sex organs, Impotence, homosexuality, and birth control methods.† and people and the media love him. And a show like the Howard Stern Show.( in the morning, when most kids are in school.) talks about â€Å"sexual intercourse, . . . and birth control methods.† and people and the media hate him. He goes on to say â€Å"most people who raveShow MoreRelatedThe Censorship Of Radio Censorship1208 Words   |  5 Pagesbecomes threatened through censorship which infringes and hinders artistic expression. Radio stations use censorship to edit explicit music in hopes of preserving adolescent innocence, however; there in no value in radio censorship. The significance of radio censorship is diminished because editing music for radio play is ineffective in blocking the nature of a song, radio stations kill the authenticity of music, and songs lose their integrity. For example, radio censorship is pointless due to itsRead MoreTalk Radio Censorship1753 Words   |  7 Pagesthe years, talk radio censorship has become a bigger issue. The FCC (The Federal Communications Commission) has become a large part in regulating the business of talk radio due to the fact that some people impose on some of the topics or language used during the broadcasts. Many people find them offensive and should not be allowed to be broadcasted without some type of notification that it is going on or is inappropriate for children or just in general. The censorship of talk radio has become a largeRead MoreEssay on Censorship in Television and Radio3028 Words   |  13 PagesCensorship in Television and Radio For our group project we, group 6, decided to focus our attention on censorship in television and on the radio. We showed most of the attention to the Janet Jackson incident in Super Bowl 38 when looking at television, and for radio, focused on the FCC and disc jockeys like Howard Stern. Here are the television articles as done by three of our group members. If there is a single most important event that happened in television that caused major ramificationsRead MoreEssay on George Carlin and Radio Censorship4438 Words   |  18 PagesCarlin and Radio Censorship Americans hate the word censorship. It puts fire into the eyes of any self proclaimed, speaker of the people. but is censorship that bad, or that wrong? Censorship is an enormous part of the stability of society. One of the many types of censorship takes place on the airwaves. Comedians, George Carlin, Howard Stern, and Mncow Muller had an enormous effect on the ideals of censorship in this era, trying to prove that the FCC had no right to censor radio airwavesRead MoreCensorship of Electronic Communication Systems1158 Words   |  5 PagesCENSORSHIP OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM Introduction. Communication system of society is changing rapidly with the time. In ancient ages people use to communicate with shouting. If people are much more apart from one another the letter writing was the only means of communication just before 500 years. Due to rapid development of science, now a days a message can be passed to millions of people who all are scattered in whole world by a simple electronic communication system. Due to electronicRead MoreFor The Second Paper Topic, I Will Touch Upon The Media1132 Words   |  5 PagesFor the second paper topic, I will touch upon the media issue of censorship and how the effects of censorship on the public and how its history has changed the way the world is ran as well as the current state of censorship. Censorship; something that has been prevalent in society since the beginning of news, media, and all other forms of mass communication. When I say censorship, I am referring to the suppression of free speech, public communication or any other information that could be perceivedRead MoreEssay on Is Censorship Justified?1174 Words   |  5 PagesIs Censorship Justified? Ever wondered the reason behind racial discrimination, sexual discrimination, children committing crime or violence? The main reason is that censorship is not properly imposed or there is a need of censorship in the society. Censorship is the suppression of ideas and information that certain people, individual, groups or government officials find it objectionable, offensive or dangerous on others. There are varieties of other definitions but all have in common the conceptRead MoreStudies in Contemporary Literature: Free Speech1622 Words   |  7 Pages Censorship is the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or inconvenient as determined as determined by the government, media outlet, or other controlling bodies (Wikipedia, 1). This can be done by governments and private organizations or by individuals who engage in self-censorship which is the act of censoring or classifying one’s own w ork like blog, books, films, or other means of expression, out of theRead More Music Censorship Essay640 Words   |  3 Pagesand contains â€Å"objectionable† lyrics does a bad thing, families are quick to point out that it was external materials such as the music that influenced the person to do it? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This is the controversy over music censorship. Music censorship is the attempt or action taken by any agency to limit or hold back anything in music that a community may find offensive to its beliefs or values. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Musicians are artists, and often their music reflects theRead MoreCensorship of Music is the Responsibility of the Parent Essay731 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship of Music is the Responsibility of the Parent Censorship in music is a topic that has brought about much controversy over the past two decades. There have been many different arguments on the topic, however the question still lingers is should censorship still remain. Before you can form an opinion on this, you must hear both sides of the argument on this much-debated topic. Some people believe that music should be censored so all audiences can hear it without it containing any offensive

Returning to School to Become a Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Free Essays

Running head: RETURNING TO SCHOOL TO BECOME A PSYCHIATRIC NURSE 1 Returning to School to Become a Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Denyse Collins University of South Alabama RETURNING TO SCHOOL TO BECOME A PSYCHIATRIC NURSE Returning to School to Become a Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Introduction There is great benefit and reward in returning to nursing school. Returning to nursing school has a positive, transformative, and life-changing effect. This essay will explore factors contributing to nurses returning to school, barriers that returning nursing students might face, 2 support required for successful completion, and my plan for a successful outcome in becoming a Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner. We will write a custom essay sample on Returning to School to Become a Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner or any similar topic only for you Order Now Discussion Nursing is a career that continues to demonstrate long-term demand. It can improve job security and provide long-term security. In some Oregon hospitals (I reside in the state of Oregon), the minimal educational requirements for Registered Nurses will soon be the Baccalaureate degree. Accordingly, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing recognizes the Bachelor of Science degree in nursing as the minimal educational requirement for professional nursing practice† (Blais Hayes, 2011, p. 4). Nurses returning to school learn more about the profession they’ve chosen. Delightfully, this may result in a change of perspectives of their previously conceived ideas of the meaning of nursing, the world around them, and themselves. Education enhances self-confidence and one’s sense of purpose. Being able to say, â€Å"I did it! † provides a great sense of accomplishment. In addition, returning to school helps one to improve computer skills, writing ability, and organizational skills. â€Å"Although RNs felt they returned to school as skilled, knowledgeable and professional practitioners, they reported growing beyond their expectations in areas of knowledge and professionalism, which they felt led the to become more effective change agents and patient advocates†(Orsolini-Hain, p. 1). RETURNING TO SCHOOL TO BECOME A PSYCHIATRIC NURSE 3 Finding the time to devote to school and studies is a major concern for nurses returning to school. Distance-based and on-line programs aren’t easier or less intensive than a traditional school setting. Managing time for study, work, family, self-care, and maintaining a home and garden, can be a real balancing act! Finding money for school may also complicate matters. There are several financial aid sources. Some of these are tuition reimbursement from employers, scholarships, and federal grants and loans. The adage â€Å"it takes a village,† can be (humorously), applied to the support one needs to be successful, in returning to, and completing school. While it is not a requirement of success, having the support of family, friends, professors, and classmates, greatly enhances the educational experience and creates comfort and ease during times of stress. My personal plan for success in completing the Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner program includes time management and organization in regard to study and preparation, becoming proficient in computer skills as an on-line learner, maintaining self-care, and continuing to take pleasure in the process of returning to school. Conclusion The benefits of returning to school, for a higher nursing degree, are enormous. They are both tangible and intangible. One can improve their status in the job market, attain greater degrees of autonomy, and experience the thrill of knowing one has achieved their dream. Furthering one’s nursing education enhances one’s career and nourishes a sense of self-worth and purpose. The end result is enhanced quality of life for one’s self and one’s nursing practice, which in turn, benefits others, and ultimately makes the world a little better place. RETURNING TO SCHOOL TO BECOME A PSYCHIATRIC NURSE 4 RETURNING TO SCHOOL TO BECOME A PSYCHIATRIC NURSE References Blais, K. K. , Hayes, J. S. (2011). Professional nursing practice: Concepts and perspectives (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Orsolini-Hain, L. (2008). What’s all the Fuss? Working towards a Baccalaureate or Graduate Degree in Nursing. Retrieved from http://www. nsna. org/careercenter/fuss. aspx 5 How to cite Returning to School to Become a Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner, Essay examples

Based on Andres Serrano’s “Piss Christ” Can Art Ever Push Social Boundaries Too Far free essay sample

Spiritual faith has impact in many institutions and fields, like politics and the art world. The Lord’s Supper has been and still is an inspiration to many artists. There are evidences in the history of the greatest art in the world: Michelangelo’s â€Å"The Creation of Adam†; â€Å"Last Supper† by Leonardo Da Vinci and many others. The representation of religious icons has been of significant importance of artists’ genius. Art is a powerful machine which is able to shape our belief system and change lives. It has the power to teleport us to completely new environments where everyone could interpreted in their own personal perspective. The tremendous influence of art in people lives has a bouquet of lovely feelings replacing people reality with some paradise to the moment when believes fall apart. Centuries artists were focusing their talent into representation of religious people, as religion used to have a huge influence in people every day routines. Throughout the years there was a shift in the representation of religious figures. In the past they were idealized, but today there is controversy surrounding spiritual representations. The new way of picturing holy icons has become a number one topic for critics. Religious art can be highly controversial and insulting, and some ask if art is a powerful weapon that can push social boundaries too far. But where exactly does art cross the line between being acceptable and becoming controversial. In the past 25 years, one of the most discussed photographs, which shock society’s view of religious figure representation, is Andres Serrano’s â€Å"Piss Christ†, a controversial photograph of a small lastic crucifix submerged in a glass container filled with the artist’s urine and highlighted with red light. Some people are very sensitive when artist let their imagination and esthetic views take over the realistically and respectful representation of religious figures. As long as the creation of art does not break any laws in the country of exhib ition, then art cannot push social boundaries too far. Without the title Serrano’s creation is arresting, but emphasis of the usage of urine for its creation categorizes as blasphemy. The first exhibition of the work caused bitter disputes because of its offensive context, also was problematic when it won the Visual Arts Award sponsored by the National Endowment for the Art, an independent agency of the United States federal government that finances artistic projects. The general opinion claim that â€Å"Piss Christ† is blasphemous, but Serrano’s art work indicates the way modern society has begun to treat Christ and Christian values. The artist explains: â€Å"The Church is obsessed with the body and blood of Christ. At the same time, there is the impulse to repress and deny the physical nature of the Church’s membership. There is a real ambivalence there. It’s one thing to idealize the body and it’s another to deal with it realistically†¦ In my work, I attempt to personalize this tension in institutional religion by revising the way in which body fluids are idealized. â€Å"(Serrano 25). Serrano’s intentions are not to disgrace this religion but to show how commercialized the Christian icon has become in contemporary culture. The artist’s purpose is to involve people’s minds in both a visual and intellectual domain. Even though this photograph is highly controversial and insulting to religious people, it does not violate any legislation. Religious groups and institutions make comparisons between Serrano’s â€Å"Piss Christ† and the resent film â€Å"Innocence of Muslims†. Wave of violence swept over the Arab world in response to provocation from the low-budget film satirizing Prophet Mohammed. Aggressively protesting crowds flood the streets in respond to the film, violent acts against the Western civilization and embassies attacks. But what is it so insulting about the film â€Å"Innocence of Muslims†? There are many offensive movies, art works and books which humiliate Christianity and directly disgrace Christ’s name, but in consequences of which the Christian world does not responds in such violent way. The examples are numerous, but the interesting fact is that all of the controversial art had been made during modernist movement when Christians extracted themselves from the prejudices and place the freedom of expression over the dogmas. However, Serrano’s â€Å"Piss Christ† has been provoking and peeve people since its creation, the tolerance rich its pick on Palm Sunday, 2011 in France when it was attacked with hammer and destroyed by Catholic protestants, but it does not cross the limit and push the social boundaries too far. In contrast the anti-Muslim film, it could be consider as art which goes beyond the borders of acceptance because it is in contrast with what the Koran says about Mohammad representations and it causes people death. More than two decades Serrano’s photograph generates negative oppositions to politics, social and religious world. That contributes to the artist intention to make people engaged with his work not only visually but intellectually too. Twenty five years from its creation and it is still highly provocative. Faith people are bombarding President Obama with their requests to forbid â€Å"Piss Christ† exhibition at the Edward Tyler Nahem Gallery in New York City. Serrano’s photograph is various things including shocking, scandalous, beautiful and compelling, but there are much more important things which this art addresses and who could dispute its seriousness, originality and power? It is showing how limited is the human mind and how low educated are some people in sense of understanding art work. The artist is twisting the meaning and placing religious symbols into new contexts. He is displaying the commercialized side of the religion. People are arguing that this great creation is blasphemy, but the Bible says do not make any idols and do not worship them. In that sense of thinking isn’t it a wooden or plastic object made from human hand representing Jesus’s suffer against the Holly book lows? Bill Donohue, who is president of the Catholic League, believes that the President of The United States should defend American’s values. Obama ignores this request and does not prohibit the display of Serrano’s photograph but even support it and refused to stand against an art made 25 years ago. Artist’s supporters point out that â€Å"Piss Christ† is an expression of artistic liberty and freedom of speech. Since its creation, this art work has generated a lot of negative comments. The work was a centurial focus of the Cultural War in the 1990’s on which was question its artistic value. Throughout his career, Serrano has created a different visual language that raise the question about religion, humanity, sex and social values. The abstract beauty of his photographs it could be termed as spiritual quest. It is a fight of good and immoral, the urine is symbol of the realism and the holly icon is the idealism. His photographs are emblematic for contrasting elements from life: beauty, disgust, provocation etc. Renowned for a passionate body of work that challenges artistic and social boundaries Andres Serrano has exhibited since the 1980s. His art is categorized as inappropriate, blasphemous and even there are claims that it is not an art. With turbulent negative verbal and physical attacks against the â€Å"Piss Christ†, Serrano cleverly navigate human attention in the direction of questioning our values and believes. This photograph is provocative art work, which is displaying a perfect balance between realism and idealism. Although its controversial idea and strongly offensive meaning this great art creating could not be consider as object which pushes social boundaries too far. In contrast to the resent film â€Å"Innocence Muslim† which not only brakes Islamic lows but provokes human vandalism and push the limits to the extremes, exactly a human death. But the question is can a society living in medieval to overleap its social and cultural point of view? Hardly. It will not change even after this cheap provocation. The modern society should become more open minded and free ourselves from the religious prejudices and Serrano since 25 years ago is driving people all over the world towards this goal. Work Cited: 1. Holy Bible, New International Version ®, NIV ® Copyright  © 1973, 1978, 1984 2011 by Biblica, Inc Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide. Leviticus 24:16 2. Serrano, Andres :Works 1 983-1993. Philadelphia: Insti- 1994 tute of Contempora Art, Universityo f Pennsylvania 3. Massara, Kathleen. Piss Christ: Andres Serrano’s Iconic Work on View at Edward Tyler NahemGallery. The Huffington Post.

The life of Richard Essay Example For Students

The life of Richard Essay He was the son either of the police actuary Friedrich Wagner, who died soon after his birth, or of his mothers friend the painter, actor and poet Ludwig Geyer, whom she married in August 1814. He went to school in Dresden and then Leipzig; at 15 he wrote a play, at 16 his first compositions. In 1831 he went to Leipzig University, also studying music with the Thomaskantor, C. T. Weinlig; a symphony was written and successfully performed in 1832. In 1833 he became chorus master at the Wrzburg theatre and wrote the text and music of his first opera, Die Feen; this remained unheard, but his next, Das Liebesverbot, written in 1833, was staged in 1836. By then he had made his debut as an opera conductor with a small company which however went bankrupt soon after performing his opera. He married the singer Minna Planer in 1836 and went with her to Konigsberg where he became musical director at the theatre, but he soon left and took a similar post in Riga where he began his next opera, Rienzi, and did much conducting, especially of Beethoven. We will write a custom essay on The life of Richard specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In 1839 they slipped away from creditors in Riga, by ship to London and then to Paris, where he was befriended by Meyerbeer and did hack-work for publishers and theatres. He also worked on the text and music of an opera on the Flying Dutchman legend; but in 1842 Rienzi, a large-scale opera with a political theme set in imperial Rome, was accepted for Dresden and Wagner went there for its highly successful premiere. Its theme reflects something of Wagners own politics (he was involved in the semi-revolutionary, intellectual Young Germany movement). Die fliegende Hollander (The Flying Dutchman), given the next year, was less well received, though a much tauter musical drama, beginning to move away from the number opera tradition and strong in its evocation of atmosphere, especially the supernatural and the raging seas (inspired by the stormy trip from Riga). Wagner was now appointed joint Kapellmeister at the Dresden court. The theme of redemption through a womans love, in the Dutchman, recurs in Wagners operas (and perhaps his life). In 1845 Tannhauser was completed and performed and Lohengrin begun. In both Wagner moves towards a more continuous texture with semi-melodic narrative and a supporting orchestral fabric helping convey its sense. In 1848 he was caught up in the revolutionary fervour and the next year fled to Weimar (where Liszt helped him) and then Switzerland (there was also a spell in France); politically suspect, he was unable to enter Germany for 11 years. In Zrich, he wrote in 1850-51 his ferociously anti-semitic Jewishness in Music (some of it an attack on Meyerbeer) and his basic statement on musical theatre, Opera and Drama; he also began sketching the text and music of a series of operas on the Nordic and Germanic sagas. By 1853 the text for this four-night cycle (to be The Nibelungs Ring) was written, printed and read to friends who included a generous patron, Otto Wesendonck, and his wife Mathilde, who loved him, wrote poems that he set, and inspired Tristan und Isolde conceived in 1854 and completed five years later, by which time more than half of The Ring was written. In 1855 he conducted in London; tension with Minna led to his going to Paris in 1858-9. 1860 saw them both in Paris, where the next year he revived Tannhauser in revised form for French taste. but it was literally shouted down, partly for political reasons. In 1862 he was allowed freely into Germany; that year he and the ill and childless Minna parted (she died in 1866). In 1863 he gave concerts in Vienna, Russia etc; the next year King Ludwig II invited him to settle in Bavaria, near Munich, discharging his debts and providing him with money. Wagner did not stay long in Bavaria, because of opposition at Ludwigs court, especially when it was known that he was having an affair with Cosima, the wife of the conductor Hans von Blow (she was Liszts daughter); Blow (who condoned it) directed the Tristan premiere in 1865. .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f , .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f .postImageUrl , .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f , .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f:hover , .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f:visited , .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f:active { border:0!important; } .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f:active , .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uafa76a0c72102cd75c327a62c033d40f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Upside Down Kingdom EssayHere Wagner, in depicting every shade of sexual love, developed a style richer and more chromatic than anyone had previously attempted, using dissonance and its urge for resolution in a continuing pattem to build up tension and a sense of profound yearning; Act 2 is virtually a continuous love duet, touching every emotion from the tenderest to the most passionately erotic. Before returning to the Ring, Wagner wrote, during the mid-1860s, The Mastersingers of Nuremberg: this is in a quite different vein, a comedy set in 16th-century Nuremberg, in which a noble poet-musician wins, through his victory in a music contest a victory over pedants who stick to the foolish old rules the hand of his beloved, fame and riches. (The analogy with Wagners view of himself is obvious. ) The music is less chromatic than that of Tristan, warm and good-humoured, often contrapuntal; unlike the mythological figures of his other operas the characters here have real humanity. The opera was given, under Blow, in 1868; Wagner had been living at Tribschen, near Lucerne, since 1866, and that year Cosima formally joined him, they had two children when in 1870 they married. The first two Ring operas, Das Rheingold and Die Walkre, were given in Munich, on Ludwigs insistence, in 1869 and 1870; Wagner however was anxious to have a special festival opera house for the complete cycle and spent much energy trying to raise money for it. Eventually, when he had almost despaired, Ludwig came to the rescue and in 1874 the year the fourth opera, Gotterdammerung, was finished provided the necessary support. The house was built at Bayreuth, designed by Wagner as the home for his concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk (total art work- an alliance of music, poetry, the visual arts, dance etc). The first festival, an artistic triumph but a financial disaster was held there in 1876, when the complete Ring was given. The Ring is about 18 hours music, held together by an immensely detailed network of themes, or leitmotifs, each of which has some allusive meaning: a character, a concept, an object etc. They change and develop as the ideas within the opera develop. They are heard in the orchestra, not merely as labels but carrying the action, sometimes informing the listener of connections of ideas or the thoughts of those on the stage. There are no numbers in the Ring; the musical texture is made up of narrative and dialogue, in which the orchestra partakes. The work is not merely a story about gods, humans and dwarfs but embodies reflections on every aspect of the human condition. It has been interpreted as socialist, fascist, Jungian, prophetic, as a parable about industrial society, and much more. In 1877 Wagner conducted in London, hoping to recoup Bayreuth losses; later in the year he began a new opera, Parsifal. He continued his musical and polemic writings, concentrating on racial purity. He spent most of 1880 in Italy. Parsifal, a sacred festival drama, again treating redemption but through the acts of communion and renunciation on the stage, was given at the Bayreuth Festival in 1882. He went to Venice for the winter, and died there in February of the heart trouble that had been with him for some years. His body was retumed by gondola and train for burial at Bayreuth. Wagner did more than any other composer to change music, and indeed to change art and thinking about it. His life and his music arouse passions like no other composers. His works are hated as much as they are worshipped; but no-one denies their greatness.

Light Essays

Light Essays Light Essay Light Essay Light BY humza8675 Below there are three objects a mirror, a glass block and a prism, it shows and tells you underneath each of the objects picture a description of what happens when light ray is shone on it. The source of light is a light bulb from a ray box. If a beam of light of one colour is shone through a prism, the direction of the beam is changed by the prism. This is because the two faces of the prism through which the light passes are not parallel. If white light is used the prism splits up the light into a series of colours. This shows hat white light is actually made up of many other colours a fact first shown by Newton in 1666. The spread of colour is called a spectrum. The dispersion of white light into a spectrum occurs because the different colours are refracted by different amounts by the glass of the prism. Violet light is refracted most by a prism and red light is refracted least. The colours of the spectrum are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. The source of light is a light bulb from a ray box. If you shine a beam of light through the air, it will travel in a straight line. Rays of light usually travel in straight lines until they hit something. If a ray of light hits the surface of a sheet of glass, some light will be reflected by the surface of the glass. However, much of the light will pass through the glass, because glass is transparent. When a ray passes from air into glass the direction in which the light ray is travelling changes. The light ray appears to bend as it as it passes through the surface of the glass. This bending of a ray of light when it passes from one substance into another substance is called refraction. Glass is thicker and heavier than air. If the light slows down when it passes from the less dense air into the denser glass, this slowing down of the ray of light also causes the ray of light to change direction. It is the change in the speed of the light that causes refraction. This is a bit like when a car goes partly off the road and some of the wheels go into the softer edge of the road. The softer surface drags on the wheels and slows them down. This can cause the car to pull to the left, slightly changing its direction. When a ray of light passes from a less dense aterial (e. . air) into a denser material (e. g. glass) it is bent away from the surface between the two materials. This means that in this situation the angle of refraction is always less than the angle of incidence. However, if the ray of light hits the surface at right angles (i. e. at 900) to the surface, the ray is not bent. When a ray of light passes from a denser material (e. g. glass) into a less dense materia l (e. g. air) it is bent towards the surface between the two materials. This means that in this situation the angle of refraction is always greater nan tne angle 0T Inclaence. Light is known to behave in a very predictable manner. The source of light is a light bulb from a ray box. If a ray of light could be observed approaching and reflecting off of a flat mirror, then the behavior of the light as it reflects would follow a predictable law known as the law of reflection. The diagram below illustrates the law of reflection. In the diagram, the ray of light approaching the mirror is known as the incident ray (labeled I in the diagram). The ray of light that leaves the mirror is known as the reflected ray (labeled R in the diagram). At the point of incidence where the ray hits the mirror, a line can be drawn perpendicular to the surface of the mirror. This line is known as a normal line (labeled N in the diagram). The normal line divides the angle between the incident ray and the reflected ray into two equal angles. The angle between the incident ray and the normal is known as the angle of incidence. The angle between the reflected ray and the normal is known as the angle of reflection. The law of reflection states that when a ray of light reflects Offa surface, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

Torus Fracture at Distal Radius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Torus Fracture at Distal Radius - Essay Example Some of the initial cares include splinting, pain control, and mechanisms aimed to reduce swelling (Morritt, 2014). The torus fractures that are evident at the distal radius are commonly present during childhood but rarely observed in adulthood (Colaris, 2014). Since the children's bones are still undergoing growth and tend to get relatively soft. Due to this reason, among the children, whose bones of their distal radius have high tendency to buckle, most of the fractures will affect the radius mostly at the distal. By this I mean that the bones around the children’s distal radius are soft since they are steal young and relatively weak, therefore they can easily undergo breakage.   At times, this particular type of fracture is compared to green stick fractures, or rather a buckle fracture since they get often witnessed in the skin and forearm radius, among many others (Schranz & Fagg, 1992). Fortunately, this type of fracture takes a shorter time to heal since they only requ ire casting and immobilization though it doesn’t demand necessitation for reduction. The victims of this fracture may put cast or splints for between three to four weeks and further taken to X-rays (Mancini, De Maio & Ippolito, 2005). The main purpose of the x-ray is to check whether the bone has healed to the level of expectation before the removal of any immobilizing devices. The treatment duration for The Fracture is usually shorter than that of a greenstick fracture, which demands a casting for six weeks and requires an earlier reduction.

A Model for a State Surveillance and Militarization Essay

A Model for a State Surveillance and Militarization - Essay Example While this sounds to be very appealing for an effective and efficient state and government, this brings about the concern of the state as being totalitarian in nature. To maintain order in society, the government must keep close monitoring of its citizens and create a strong-armed force and police to defend that social order. The view of this form of state and society is very familiar to the totalitarian form government. State surveillance and a highly militarized state are, after all, distinct characteristics of nation or country under totalitarianism. The question that could be asked right now is whether Plato would support state surveillance and militarism based on his writings and ideas found in his work the Republic. Does this mean that Plato's ideal system of government curtails certain rights of citizens to maintain order and justice? Discussion of this matter will be discussed further in this paper with a few real-world examples of totalitarian states as references. At the same time, such examples will be analyzed and placed into context with Plato's idea of his Republic. With the ever-growing threat of terrorism, both internationally and locally homegrown, and the possibilities of uprisings or revolutions, it is not a surprise that many governments of the certain nations around the world have created their own state security agencies or organizations and highly strengthened military. There are various reasons as to why such state groups were set up by different national governments. Contemporary times and recent history shows that many governments have been very concerned and active when it comes to counter-insurgency and counter-revolutionary activities. It can also be considered that governments develop such organizations to prevent terrorist or revolutionary from even having the chance to form up.  

The Glass Menagerie Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Glass Menagerie - Term Paper Example Tom wants to forsake his duty to his family but he seems to have difficulty in leaving Laura the most. In the play, responsibility becomes a choice between duty to one’s dreams and duty to one’s family, which is juxtaposed with gender and social class issues. The Glass Menagerie depicts that society insists that people forget their duty to their own dreams because they have to follow gender and social class norms and expectations. The concept of responsibility is a product of social conditioning, which is based on gender and social class customs. Society teaches gender norms that define the roles and responsibilities of men and women to each other. In Scene 2, Amanda expresses her disappointment with Laura after learning that the latter has dropped her classes at the business college. Amanda underscores the sacrifices made in sending Laura to school: â€Å"Fifty dollars’ tuition, all of our plans – my hopes and ambitions for you – just gone up the spout, just gone up the spout like that† (Williams ii. 369). During this time, working class women had limited educational and economic opportunities. For Amanda, Laura is throwing away the only opportunity she has to earn money and to help her brother support their family. Tom has the gravest responsibility of all because as a man, he is expected to provide for his mother and sister. Amanda constantly nags Tom of his duties to his family: â€Å"What right have you got to jeopardize your job? Jeopardize the security of us all? How do you think we’d manage if you were –† (Williams iii). Amanda cannot even say the unthinkable. She finds it unthinkable for a man to desert his family because a man’s most important duty is to his family. As a southern belle, she is a traditional woman and her conventions molded her thinking about the duties of men and women. Aside from gender division, society separates people into social classes, where the rich have mor e freedoms than the poor. Tom envies the life of the rich: â€Å"Across the alley from us was the Paradise Dance Hall. You could see [couples] kissing behind ash-pits... This was the compensation for lives that passed like mine, without any change or adventure† (Williams v. 381-82). He hates his life where duty to others is central. The play demonstrates uneven social and gender structures that affect people’s ability to be happy. Society asserts that men have the responsibility to take care of their families’ basic needs and wants. Tom has the duty to raise his family after their father left many years ago. He says: â€Å"House, house! Who pays rent on it, who makes a slave of himself to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Williams iii. 373). Society thinks it is natural for men to be breadwinners. They are the symbolic beams of the family. Tom thinks differently, however. He wants to follow his duty to himself, but for the longest time, he surrenders to social dictates. Aside fro m Tom, Jim has a duty to improve Laura’s self-confidence because he sees her as a little sister. He senses Laura’s strong insecurity because of her physical illness: â€Å"A little physical defect is what you have. Hardly noticeable even! Magnified thousands of times by imagination! You know what my strong advice to you is? Think of yourself as superior in some way!† (Williams vii. 402). In the article â€Å"Tennessee Williams's The Glass Menagerie,† Ardolino argues that the Rubicam College stands for Julius

Importance of Customer Satisfaction

Importance of Customer Satisfaction Customer Service Introduction According to Hansemark and Albinsson(2004), satisfaction is an overall customer attitude towards a service provider, or an emotional reaction to the difference between what customers anticipate and what they receive, regarding the fulfilment of some need, goal or desire. Customer loyalty, on the other hand, according to Anderson and Jacobsen (2000) is actually the result of an organisation creating a benefit for a customer so that they will maintain or increase their purchases from the organisation. True customer loyalty is created when the customer becomes an advocate for the organisation, without incentive. To be successful, organizations must cater to the needs, wants and demands of their customers. That is the reason why many companies have continuously focused on the importance of customer satisfaction and loyalty. Moreover, it has a positive effect on an organisations profitability. There is also a close and positive connection between customer satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, customer satisfaction and loyalty are all very important for an organization to be successful. Many researchers have looked into the importance of customer satisfaction. Kotler(2000) defined satisfaction as: a persons feelings (pleasure or disappointment) resulting from comparing a product performance in relation to his or her expectations. Hoyer and MacInnis (2001) said that satisfaction can be associated with feelings of acceptance, happiness, relief, excitement, and delight. There are many factors that affect customer satisfaction. According to Hokanson (2001), these factors include: friendly employees, courteous employees, knowledgeable employees, helpful employees, accuracy of billing, billing timeliness, competitive pricing, service quality, good value, billing clarity and quick service. In order to achieve customer satisfaction, organisations must be able to fulfil their customers needs and wants (La Barbera and Mazursky, 2000). Customers needs state the felt deprivation of a customer (Kotler, 2000).Whereas customers wants, according to Kotler (2000) refer to the form taken by human needs as they are shaped by culture and Individual personality. However, Bowen and Chen (2001) said that having satisfied customers is not enough, there has to be extremely satisfied customers. This is because customer satisfaction leads to customer loyalty. Bansal and Gupta (2001):Building customer loyalty is not a choice any longer with businesses: its the only way of building sustainable competitive advantage. Building loyalty with key customers has become a core marketing objective shared by key players in all industries catering to business customers. The strategic imperatives for Building a loyal customer base is as: Focus on key customers Proactively generate high level of Customer satisfaction with every Interaction Anticipate customer needs and respond to them before the competition does Build closer ties with customers Create a value perception Sivadas and Baker-Prewitt (2000) said there is an increasing recognition that the ultimate objective of customer satisfaction measurement should be customer loyalty. Fornell (2002) said high customer satisfaction will result in increased loyalty for the firm and that customers will be less prone to overtures from competition. This view was also shared by Anton (2002) who said that satisfaction is positively associated with repurchase intentions, likelihood of recommending a product or service, loyalty and profitability. Loyal customers would purchase from the firm over an extended period of time. (Evans and Berman, 2003). Guiltinan, Paul and Madden (2001) said that satisfied customers are more likely to be repeat (and even become loyal) customers. Sivadas and Baker-Prewitt (2000) Satisfaction also influences the likelihood of recommending a departmental store as well as repurchase but has no direct impact on loyalty. Thus satisfaction in itself will not translate into loyalty. However, satisfaction will foster loyalty to the extent that it is a prerequisite for maintaining a favourable relative attitude and for recommending and repurchasing from the Store. Once customers recommend a department store it shows loyalty towards that store. Thus the key to generating loyalty is to get customers to recommend a store to others. Also, customers are likely to recommend a department store when they are satisfied with that store and when they have a favourable relative attitude towards that store. Evans and Berman (2003): Companies with satisfied customers have a good opportunity to convert them into loyal customers who purchases from those firms over an extended period. Conclusion Based on the views and research, it can be concluded that customer satisfaction is very important. Thus, though customer satisfaction does not guarantee repurchase on the part of the customers but still it plays a very important part in ensuring customer loyalty. This point has been echoed by Gerpott et al. (2001) when they said customer satisfaction is a direct determining factor in customer loyalty, which, in turn, is a central determinant of customer retention. Therefore, according to me, organisations should always strive to ensure that their customers are very satisfied. References Anderson, H. Jacobsen P. N., 2000, Creating Loyalty: Its Strategic Importance in Your Customer Strategy. Bansal, S. Gupta, G., 2001, Building Customer Loyalty Business-to-Business Commerce. Bowen, J. T. Chen, S. L., May 2001, the Relationship between Customer Loyalty and Customer Satisfaction, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality. Evans, J. R. Lindsay, W. M., 2003, the Management and Control of Quality. 3rd Ed. Guiltinan, J. P., Paul, G. W. Madden, T. J.,2001, Marketing Management: Strategies and Programs Hansemark, O. C. Albinson, M., 2004, Customer Satisfaction and Retention: The Experiences of Individual Employees, Managing Service Quality. Hoyer, W. D. MacInnis, D. J., 2001, Consumer Behaviour. 2nd Ed. Hokanson, S., January 2, 2001, The Deeper You Analyse, The More You Satisfy Customers Kotler, P., 2000, Marketing Management. 10th Ed. LaBarbera, P. A. Mazursky, D., 2000, A Longitudinal Assessment of Consumer Satisfaction. Sivadass, E. Baker-Prewitt, J. L., 2000, An Examination of the Relationship Between Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction, and Store Loyalty.

Physics of Computer Graphics Essay -- physics computers graphic CG

In the field of computer graphics there are usually four general applications that one thinks of: 1. Display of Information 2. Design 3. Simulation and Animation 4. User interfaces (Angel, 2) With regards to applied physic's applications, the area of computer graphics most focused on is simulation and animation. This is found in several different fields such as "aerospace, manufacturing, wireless communication, resource recovery, film-making, computer games, and virtual reality. Moreover, physics-based modeling is now generally accepted as a third principal mode of scientific investigation, along with theory and experiment." (Mason) The goal is to usually create 3-dimensional objects and have them move and interact on the screen using data based off of physic's equations(i.e kinematic equations, energy and momentum, etc.) However often times programmer's and animators don't necessarily want to deal with having to code in every equation every time they want to have an object interact with something new. This brought forth the development of physic's engines. As processors have become more powerful, animators began to try and represent there animations using more realistic methods. In today's latest animated blockbuster's like Shrek 2, to some of today's hottest video games like Halo 2. In order to achieve these realistic effects computer animators often use high-powered physics engines to simulate real-life physics inside a computer-simulated world. An example of such a computer graphics engine is Impact, which "includes six physics engines: Force Field, Law of Gravity, Gravity (used to target a particular object), Springy Thingy, Thruster, and Torque Motion."(Mortier) These engines enable animators to ... ...it would take to render would freeze even some of the fastest machines out there. So what happens is we fudge the data and have each object appear brighter or darker based off of a simpler equation that gives the appearance that lighting does exist. Bibliography Angel, Edward. Interactive Computer Graphics. 3rd Ed. Pearson Education. 2003. Jewett, Serway. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. 6th Ed. Thomson Learning. 2004. Kerlow, Isaac. "Applying the Twelve Priciples to Computer Animation." 22 February 2004. 23 November 2004. http://www.artof3d.com/feature.htm#Head2 Mason, John. "Physics-Based Modeling of Gaseous Phenomena for Computer Graphics." 13 August 2004. 23 November 2004. http://www.cs.dal.ca/news/t20040813-1236.shtml Mortier, R. Shamms. "Emulate Physics with Impact." Computer Graphics World. August 1995. Vol. 18. Issue 8. Pg. 90.

Community Service Essay

Community service is very important because it helps build character, which is something that the Dalton School and the Detroit News would agree with me on. Having community service as a requirement to graduate is a good idea as long as the student can choose what type of community service they want to do; because it forces students to go out in their community and help others. Community Service doesn’t have to have a negative effect on people, it can and usually has a good effect. Willie Grothman and Tim Phang are two high school students who started a community service club that helped a lot of people in their community. Community service can be extremely valuable in the development of both character, academics and it gives students a chance to give back to their community. Community service builds character because after accomplishing something, it gives people a feel of satisfaction and accomplishment that makes students feel good about themselves. The Dalton School believes when an individual goes out in the world and interacts with other people in the spirit of bettering, that individual makes a contribution and will feel a sense of accomplishment. But on the other hand, some people argue that it is wrong to force students into doing community service. Arthur Stukas, Mark Snyder, and E. Gil Clary said students were less affected even if they had a choice of community service. These scientists also say that researchers have found that students who initially did not want to volunteer found that they actually enjoyed helping others if requirements were applied gently and with their input and involvement in the process. In my opinion that is what we want to happen when students are involved in community service. From graph two that Mark Hugo presents is that community service has a high rating from the students who are educationally successful which shows that community service can have a positive affect on people. In the Detroit News, they talked about a thirteen year-old boy named John Prueter and the type of community service he did and the positive affect it had on him. He volunteered at the Alterra Sterling House, an assisted living home in Hampton Township. From this experience from John, he now wants to study nursing and he said he became interested in the field because of his volunteer work. This shows the positive result of community service because it can also lead you into the career path you would have never known you liked until you volunteered. Putting time into your community is a way of â€Å"giving back†. The Dalton School says the moral center of a community, that place where we can find the values of empathy, compassion, and caring, is the basis for civic responsibility and the success of that community. In the Washington Post by Tara Bahrampour, she writes about two high school students, Willie Grothman and Tim Phang of Washington- Lee High School experienced the succ ess of community service. They formed a community service club called the Willie Grothman Club and they held things like walking for AIDS, for the homeless and for breast cancer in an event in which they took turns walking relays all night around a track in the rain. For these events they collect pledges of money from friends and family members for each mile they walked or each bowling pin they knocked down. These guys were some of the most inspiring people because they were not just helping their community, but the people in their community who were homeless, had AIDS, etc. Not only did this club change the members’ lives, but also it changed the lives of others around them, and the people they were helping. Community service does not have to be a negative because it can always turn into a positive. In the Dalton School, the Washington Post, the Detroit News, and Arthur Stukas, Mark Snyder, E. Gil Clary, and Mark Hugo, they all helped me determine that community service should be a requirement to graduate because it can change peoples lives for the better. Thank you for reading my essay but I have another question, which introduction sounds better, the one above or this one: Community service is very important because it helps build character. Having community service as a requirement to graduate is a good idea because it forces students to go out in their community and help others. Community Service doesn’t have to have a negative effect on students, it can have a good effect or no effect at all. Willie Grothman and Tim Phang – two high school students who started a community service club that helped a lot of people in their community-, The Dalton School, and The Detroit News- who did a story on John Prueter- would agree that community service is important. Community service can be extremely valuable in the development of both character, academics and it gives students a chance to give back to their community.

Lord Of The Flies Essays - English-language Films, Allegory

Lord Of The Flies Essays - English-language Films, Allegory Lord Of The Flies The Lord of the Flies is a picture of our society today. Discuss the statement and show the way the statement applies The Lord of the Flies is about a mini-society of boys formed by chance. Their isolation from adults forced reality upon them and so they had to think for themselves and work together. As a commentary of todays society it does well to explain some of todays issues like violence, laws, pride, greed, fear, religious power and the conflict between living in a civilized society or savagery. It is all about the choice the boys made when life became real. In the beginning their lives were controlled and protected by their parents, teachers and police officers. Jack cannot kill the pig even though he can eat meat because of the enormity of the knife descending and cutting into living flesh. (p 41). Roger cannot hit the boys with the stones even though he could if he wanted to because he has been conditioned by the society he used to live in. This is the type of society the children live in. Everything is a game until the beast. The beast signals the end of the games and start of reality. Lives are at stake in perspective of the boys and survival must occur in any form. Our society is much like this as todays society is also about survival and what choices we make to survive. The mini-society started off peaceful. The purpose was to set a signal fire and live off fruit until help came. The conflict came when the fire and hunting could not be committed to at the same time. As the fire was a 24 hour task and hunting needed the whole party, the party started to take sides. Ralphs fire would be the sensible thing to do to get rescued however hunting would lift the standard of living for all the boys and would also be a luxury, recreational event. The fire was hard work and immediate results were none even though long-term results would be better. The hunting side wins eventually. In Australia today we are spending beyond our ability to afford this spending. This means we have a great influx of goods and services but as a community we are cheating ourselves as this leads to a current account deficit and the cost of living in this deficit must be paid plus the deficit. In this books case, the deficit was their morals and the interest was paid in life. The conch was the symbol of power and it represented the order in the beginning of the book. It brought them together and provided laws for the society. The main law being whoever holds it has the right to speak without interjection or disrespect while he was speaking. It is much like a policemans badge or even the mace in our parliament. However, the beast held a greater power over the conch which was fear. It is used by Jack to gain power over the rest of the group. His promises and rallies to kill the beast eased the fear of the boys and hence he won over the group. The killing of Simon as the beast but saying the beast was still alive, showed Jack had used the beast to keep his power as leader of the tribe. In a way, it became a religion as Jacks ritual of killing pigs for their heads to keep the beast happy. This was his method of promoting hunting. Other examples of this in real society are the Vikings whose promise of Valhalla made them among the best warriors of all time in the world. In todays society, religions can give power and money to many people. Fear of gods or protection from all fears in society can make person donate to a religious unit material goods or loyalty. Even traditional religions like Catholicism can allow the leaders to lead a life of luxury. Violence in the book increases as it does in society today. At first, the intention of killing the first pig was there and then when a pig was finally killed, killing became easier. The restraint that deemed killing unacceptable in society was broken. Next

How to Master SAT Reading Questions A 5-Step Process

How to Master SAT Reading Questions A 5-Step Process SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips SAT Reading questions are notoriously tricky. They'll ask you to analyze passages in unfamiliar ways that seem confusing if you're not used to the format. It's helpful to have a basic game-plan for approaching tough Reading questions to make the section less overwhelming. This article lays out a step-by-step process for interpreting Reading questions and lists a few tricks you should look out for to avoid making careless mistakes. What’s in This Guide, and Who Should Read It? This guide will provide you with afive-step process for breaking down and answering tricky questionson the Reading section of the SAT.This is a list of all the steps you might consider taking to figure out Reading questions that stump you.I don’t advocate going through this entire process for every question (nor would it even be possible for many of them). Although it's presented as a step-by-step process, it doubles as a list of tips that you can use in isolation depending on the question.The new SAT Reading section has pretty straightforward question wording overall, but it’s still nice to have a strategy in mind before you dive into the test.At the end of this article, I’ll also tell you about some tricky question types you might encounter on the SAT Reading section and how you can outsmart them. If you’ve had some trouble on the SAT Reading section in the past (or know that reading just isn’t your strongest subject), the information in this article will probably benefit you. Alright, let's get nerdy. Step-By-Step: How to Correctly Interpret SAT Reading Questions In this section, I’ll walk you through a step-by-step process for interpreting reading questions.Here’s the sample question (taken from one of the College Board's new SAT practice tests) that I'll use for demonstration: I chose this question because it challenges you to consider statements made across two different passages.It also requires you to view the passage from the author’s perspective and develop some insight into his or her thought process. Some Reading questions will ask you to peer into the mind of the author. Gross. Step 1: Read the Question Quickly and Note Line Numbers First, do a quick read of the question to get a basic idea of what you’re facing.If there are line numbers in the question, circle them, and underline or bracket the corresponding lines in the passage: Step 2: Underline Key Terms After you read the question and mark the line numbers, start to pick it apart a little more so that you can zero in onits core meaning.Underline phrases that specify the type of answer you’re trying to find. Examples include: Main Idea and detail question phrases like... Best summarizes Best describes Central idea Evidence and author viewpoint question phrases like... Mainly serves to In order to Best evidence The author claims Would most likely agree Inference question phrases like... Can be inferred Most clearly implies You should also review all other parts of the question and underline any words or phrases that provide context (like paragraph and line numbers).In the sample question, I underlined the phrase â€Å"in order to† because it shows us the type of answer we want. The underlined phrasesays that this question is asking specifically about the author’s goals in including the quote in the passage: Some questions are too short or straightforward for this to be a useful tactic (there’s no point in underlining the whole question, after all).If the question is longer and asks you to consider a few different aspects of the reading, however, it's a helpful way to get your thoughts organized. Questions can seem like complex concept mazes, but if you underline key parts, you're less likely to miss the main point. Step 2.5: Rewrite the Question in Your Own Words This step may be unnecessary, but if you find that the original wording of the question is confusing to you, it's sometimes helpful to rewrite it in a way that makes more sense.For the sample question we’re using, the original wording is: In lines 61-65, the author of Passage 2 refers to a statement made in Passage 1 in order to A rewrite might look something like this: Why does the author of Passage 2 include the quote from Passage 1 in lines 61-65? Or even just: What is the purpose of the quote in lines 61-65? Often, coming up with a simpler way to phrase the question can provide you with all the clarity you need to answer it accurately. This also works for questions that include less familiar vocabulary words or concepts that aren’t directly explained. If you rephrase it, you won't have to unravel this information all over again every time you reread the question. Step 3: Predict the Answer Based on Evidence in the Passage Now that you have a clearer idea of exactly what the question is asking, you can take a look back at the section of the passage that it references.You know you’re looking for WHY the quote is included, so you should review its surrounding context: The essential question we’re considering is why the author of Passage 2 includes this quote from the author of Passage 1.In the context of the paragraph, it appears that the quote serves to point out a logical inconsistency in the argument advanced by the author of Passage 1. The author of Passage 1 stated that â€Å"according to abstract principles, it was impossible to explain† the exclusion of women from politics.So, when it comes down to it, even the (misogynistic) author of Passage 1 can’t logically justify any disparity between the rights of men and women. This is emphasized in the lines following the quote where the author of Passage 2 says â€Å"If so, on what does your constitution rest?†She points out that the author of Passage 1 has no logical grounds to claim that the rights of women should be given less consideration than those of men (â€Å"those of woman, by a parity of reasoning, will not shrink from the same test†). The author of Passage 2's response to the author of Passage 1. Step 4: Use Process of Elimination to Find Your Answer You’ve read the question, you’ve figured out what it means, and you’ve even anticipated the answer!Now use process of elimination to decide which option fits best with your predictions: Choice A can’t be right because the author isn’t using the quote to call the QUALIFICATIONS of the author of Passage 1 into question.She’s questioning his argument, but not necessarily his authority on the subject (although that definitely deserves to be questioned). We can also discount Choice B because it's actually the opposite of what the author intends (the first sentence of Passage 1 is the quote cited in Passage 2).She expressly points out this statement as support for her argument. Choice C is a likely answer based on our predictions in the previous step, so we’ll leave that one alone. Choice D is another answer that is the polar opposite of what we want.Passage 1 argues that women should be excluded from politics, and Passage 2 argues that this point of view is illogical and immoral.Passage 2 is not attempting to validate any of the ultimate conclusions drawn by the author of Passage 1. Step 5: Make Your Final Selection It looks like Choice C is the clear winner. Before you commit and bubble in your answer, double check everything to make sure you didn't miss any key aspects of the question. This is a crucial step if you hope to eliminate careless mistakes! 3 Tricks to Watch Out For on SAT Reading As a follow-up to the basic steps for interpreting reading questions, I'll list a few tactics the test might use to try and throw you off. Be on the lookout for these traps so you don't fall for them! Apparent Subjectivity You’ll see many of these types of phrases on the SAT Reading section: â€Å"It can be inferred† â€Å"Most nearly means† â€Å"Would most likelyagree† This terminology implies that there will be a couple of answer choices that make sense, but one will make a little more sense than the others. NOPE.Reading questions are NOT subjective, and viewing them that way will only make the test harder.There is only one accurate answer for each question, and that answer is always supported by evidence in the passage. All the other choices are flat-out wrong. Don’t make things more difficult for yourself by assuming the SAT is more complex and nuanced than it is! True Statement vs. Correct Answer This point is related to the previous section’s discussion of the â€Å"only one correct answer† rule. As I said, there is only one accurate answer for each question, and you should be able to find evidence for that answer in the text. However,there’s a big difference between a statement that’s technically accurate according to the passage and a statement that’s the correct answer to the specific question being asked. Sometimes, the SAT will include answer choices that are correct factually but don’t respond directly to the issue at hand.Take this question, for example: Choice A is the correct answer, but the paragraph appears to align with Choice D as well.The passage as a whole is pro-public transportation, but this paragraph is talking about why people are sometimes justified in choosing to drive instead.However, it’s just describing a potential counterargument, not actively advocating that public transportation should be abandoned. Questions like this are why you need to read both the question and the relevant parts of the passage carefully before deciding on an answer. Just because an answer choice appears to be true at first glance doesn’t mean that it’s the appropriate response to the question. My car counts as a form of public transportation because I pick up ALLL the ladies awww yeahhh (*buys darker sunglasses to hide secret tears of loneliness*) Deceptive Charts The Reading section now includes data interpretation questions, which means that you’re gonna have to read some Crazy Charts and Goofy Graphs (I really want this to be the title of an actual SAT subscore category). If you don’t take the time to look closely at these charts and graphs and make sure you fully understand them, you'll run into some trouble.For example, I was confused by a question based on this pie chart: To me, both A and D seemed like correct answers, but that was because I hadn’t looked at the chart closely enough to grasp exactly what it was showing me.ChoiceD is incorrect because the graph doesn’t tell us anything about the FREQUENCY of use of public transportation in these different groups of people.It only tells us the makeup of the public transportation population in terms of numbers.Unemployed people could use public transportation just as often or more often as employed people. We don’t know based on the information we've been given. This example demonstrates that it’s critical to read closely and avoid making assumptions.Pie charts may seem like an easy-to-read, friendly type of chart, but sometimes the delicious apple-cinnamon filling is laced with a few drops of Sneaky SAT Serumâ„ ¢. Even pie can betray you. TRUST NO ONE. Conclusion SAT Reading questions and answers are sometimes confusingly worded. Although the new testing format aims to make them more accessible to students, it's still smart to plan out your strategy beforehand so you don't panic if you come across a tricky one. Here's a recap of the steps you should take to interpret SAT Reading questions accurately: Step 1: Read the Question Quickly and Note Line Numbers Step 2: Underline Key Terms Step 2.5: Rewrite the Question in Your Own Words Step 3: Predict the Answer Based on Evidence in the Passage Step 4: Use Process of Elimination to Find Your Answer Step 5: Make Your Final Selection As you go through the steps, make sure you stay vigilant. The new SAT can still be tricky. Look out for: Questions that appear subjective (they're not!) Answers that are true but not correct responses to the question at hand Deceptive charts and graphs for data interpretation questions If you keep practicing these skills with real SAT Reading questions, by the time you take the test you'll be able to handle any curveballs the College Board throws your way. What's Next? The new SAT may be easier or harder for you depending on your academic strengths. Learn about ways the new SAT could be more challenging or less challenging for certain students. What's a good score on the new SAT? Find out what score you should be aiming for on the new scale out of 1600 based on your goals. The SAT isn't the best standardized testing option for everyone. Check out this article for advice on whether you should take the new SAT or the ACT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Reading lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Critical thinking case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical thinking case - Essay Example The video begins with explanatory scenes describing the birth of the saint. Further it shows his critical stages in growth including his different stages of education. Interestingly, the video while critically analyzing the ideologies of Ramana Maharshi, it has been ensured that the message of religious harmony is included in varying levels in each and every frame. The video stresses on the philosophies of Ramana Maharshi, which expresses his consent on the need for unity among religions. The video asserts that it is never necessary to belong to any religion so as to know and understand the spiritual truth. In totality, the messages conveyed through the videos speak of the real point of unity among all religions and any other criteria that classifies mankind. This real point is the truth with in oneself. When one realizes that, he or she becomes automatically in harmony with the nature, humanity and thus with every religions as

St. Matthew's Passion by Bach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

St. Matthew's Passion by Bach - Essay Example The music was text bound and therefore difficult to measure because of its spiritual and expressive intensity. Bach was counterpoint master as he used all baroque era musical language resource with ease. He could combine Germany intricate counterpoint, French rhythmic dances and graceful melodies of Italy in a single composition. Some of his work include Christmas oratorio which include St. Matthew Passion and ascension cantata (six cantatas) (Robin, 1999). Master of St. Matthew Passion It is an oratorio written by Bach for orchestra, choir and solo voices. Matthew’s gospel chapter 26 and 27 are set into music with arias and chorale that are interspersed throughout the musical text (Robin, 1999). Composition The setting of Bach’s passion present chapter is in 26 and 27 of Matthew’s biblical text in a simple manner by use of recitative. In addition, latest poetic texts are set by ariaso and aria movements which explain various biblical events in a narrative form ( Robin, 1999). Lyrism and monologue are used to present the state of mind of the characters that are involved. St. Matthew Passion has the following aspects: a) Double-choir which originate from double-choir motets. b) Chorales are used extensively and appear and are found in four parts as an arias extension. In polyphonic movements which are large, chorales appears as cantus firmus. This quite evident in the finale of the first movement Mensch, bewein dein’ Sunde gro?. Chorale cantus firmus is also used in opening chorus, as Kommt, ihr Tochter, helft mir klagen where soprano in ripieno create harmonic and polyphonic anxiety, singing O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig verse (Robin,1999) The oratorio is a twelve score concertato with eight soloists performing in two choirs(Robin,1999). Furthermore, extra parts have two bass and single soprano voices in the bit parts which include Peter, Pilate Wife, High Priests, and Judas with another section for soprano in ripieno. vocal ensembles has three voice parts (three basses, three tenors , three sopranos and three altos and residual which has two parts that provide soloists ( Concertists) for the composed cantatas together with other vocal works. Secco recitative is used in the gospel narration with continuo accompaniments (Robin, 1999). Words describing various characters are sung in recitative form. Apart from Jesus, other named parts, include two ancillae(maids),two witness, Judas, two high priest, peter and Pilates’ wife. Arias are often assigned to character soloist who sings with the choir(Robin,1999). In addition, a pair of soloists sings the two duets which concurrently represent two speakers. Turba (Crowd) are passages for many speakers and is sung by either one or two choirs. There is special treatment for the words of Jesus Vox Christi. This is by creation of accompagnato recitatives which are accompanied by continuo and orchestral string section by use of long notes that are sustained and stressing sp ecific words (Robin, 1999). Instruments St Matthew Passion has a setting of two orchestras and two choirs and it include two Gamba, two flutes, and two oboe and basso continuo. Instruments create a particular mood in arias for example Aus Liebe will mein Heiland sterben which is #49 soprano arias where there is no security as a result basso continuo and string absence (Robin, 1999). Compositional style Recitatives create a mood

Tesco in Chinese Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Tesco in Chinese Market - Essay Example Question 2: To consider the risk and additional difficulties involved when a UK based retail supermarket expands its outlet to include wider Europe and Central Asia. The aim of the question is to get suitable answers that will aid in the reduction of some particular risks. The discussion will flow in the direction by first providing evidence of research which inform regarding the implications of expanding business in the said geographies and especially expanding in foreign markets. An analysis of the possible risks and steps involved to mitigate such risks will also be mentioned. Question 1: The proceedings of the RICS foundation construction and building research conference stated the following with regards to the client and stake holder briefing during the pre design phase of construction. "Client briefing is considered to be one of the most important stages in the life of a project .. Research in the UK has identified the need for the clients and advisers to be aware of the importance of what can be commonly termed, the strategic level of decision making."(Smith 2002) The research resulted in indicating that client briefing at the strategic level had the most potential for cost savings in the project. The outcome of the briefing can be maximized positively if client advisers at the time of meeting place high priority on: 1. Understanding the project priorities and business objectives 2. Providing advice which assist clients to gain competitive advantage. 3. Being client oriented rather than focusing too much on the details of the project to the detriment of the broader issues and objectives. (Hapanova et. al 2005) The briefing at the pre design stage should no doubt be one that is wholesome and involve all the participants in an active manner. This can be achieved only if the needs and concerns of everyone are addressed. Eventually there arises a need for the development of a process that will systematically solve issues and clarify doubts raised. The process must be useful well organized and sensitive to client and stakeholder needs. Thus any briefing process designed must have the following essentials in order to improve outcomes for the client, the stake holder and the members in the design team. 1. Create various strategic options for the future direction of the organization 2. Actively involve a range and number if different types of stake holder; 3. adopt fair and rigorous means of decision making 4. To allow each participant (the client, stakeholder and the members in the design team) to contribute to the decision making process irrespective of their position and their role in the organizational hierarchy. 5. Involve external stakeholders so that they can contribute to the development of a strategic decision. 6. Provide commitment to decisions made to improve their chances of implementation. 7. be supported by senior management in the process and through the decision makin

Bermuda triangle Essay Example for Free

Bermuda triangle Essay The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devils triangle is said to be one of the most dangerous and mysterious areas of the ocean known to man. It has been held responsible for the disappearances of over 2000 vessels, 75 airplanes and many innocent lives in the past 3 centuries. But the question is how? What really happened in this deadly body of water? There are many theories about what is going on in the Bermuda Triangle. From human error, to the lost city of Atlantis all the way to paranormal activity and Extra Terrestrials. Today I will be talking to you about the mysteries of the Bermuda Triangle. The Bermuda Triangle is located between three main points in the Atlantic Ocean, San Juan, Puerto Rico, Miami, Florida and the Island of Bermuda. The triangle is formed by connecting an imaginary line between these three points with an area of the about 500,000 to 1,000,000 square miles. Flight 19 is said to be one of the first known flights to go down in the Bermuda triangle. The aircraft was filled with US naw avenger bombers on a training mission. When the plane went down, it was said that the flight leader was heard saying We are entering white water, nothing seems to be right. We dont know where we are, the water is reen, no white. This raised suspicion about whats really going on in the so called Devils Triangle. It is very possible that the plane had Just run into some bad weather, but some believe weather is not the cause of these vanishing planes. Im not saying I have come up with the answer to what is going on in the Bermuda triangle, but here are some reasonable answers I have come across; 1. Bad weather. The part of the Atlantic in which the Triangle is located is very close to the Caribbean Sea which tends to get many tropical storms. This could be the cause to all of these strange disappearances. Intense storms may be causing ships to sink or planes to crash. But bad weather is only one of the many theories people have come up with. 2. Human error and amateur sailors. The coast guards are said to get over 8000 distress calls a year, thats more than 20 a day! But most of the time, the issue is minor, running into a rough patch of water or a shortage of gas. . Traffic. There are many planes and boats that go through the Bermuda triangle every day. Because its so busy, vessels and planes could be crashing into each other and falling into the ocean below. 4. Underwater earthquakes. In shallow water, underwater earthquakes can cause sunamis in the far east of the triangle. (and) 5. The gas bubble theory. Scientists say that a high concentration of gas hydrates have been fou nd in the Bermuda area which causes the water to become less dense in small patches. This could cause ships to sink quickly without and trace. Believe it or not,some think the tragedies are caused by the lost city of Atlantis. Some even say that government is behind it. The government supposedly runs an underwater base called A. U. T. E. C. It stands for Atlantic Undersea test and evaluation center. It is located in the middle of the triangle where the naw tests new ubmarines, weapons and sonar. Some people think the government has been working with extraterrestrials and that A. U. T. E. C. is actually used for testing reverse engineered alien technology. Some also say the mythical lost city of Atlantis is causing these mysterious disappearances because ot a stone trail called Bimini road. Its supposedly part of the lost city and possesses advanced technology that is interfering with radio signals in vessels and aircrafts. These theories are more farfetched than earthquakes and amateurs but some think this could be the reason to the mysteries in the triangle.

Leadership Styles Research Methodology

Leadership Styles Research Methodology CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter primarily outlines the overall research methodology. Detailed development of hypotheses, sampling procedure used for this survey and sources of data will be described. Method that was used to collect data to run statistical analysis will be discussed further in this chapter. Hypotheses of Study The variables identified for this research are leadership style, leadership behavior and employees job satisfaction. Hypotheses below are proposed for this study: H1a: Transformational leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction. H1b: Transactional leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction. H2a: Supportive leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction. H2b: Directive leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction. H2c: Participative leadership has a significant influence on employees job satisfaction. Research Framework The association among all the proposed variables can be described in a research framework. Figure 3-1 illustrates the research model. Figure 3-1: The proposed research framework for influences of leadership on employees job satisfaction Leadership Style Transformational Leadership H1a Transactional Leadership H1b Job Satisfaction Leadership Behavior H2a H2b Supportive Leadership H2c Directive Leadership Participative Leadership Measures of construct in the Questionnaire The survey questionnaire used in this research consists of four parts. Part A consists of the measurement items for leadership style which is further divided to two sections, transformational and transactional leadership. Part B of the questionnaire consists of the measurement items for leadership behavior and three subsections that is participative, supportive and directive leadership. In Part C, the section measures on employees job satisfaction. Finally in Part D, the respondents demographic data is collected on their age, gender, education level, marital status, job position, and number of years of experience in the organization, years of establishment of respective organization, number of employees in organization and nature of the organization. The literature review has helped to provide a number of measurement items for leadership style, leadership behaviour and job satisfaction in the questionnaire. Survey respondents were asked to state their level of agreement for all the six constructs discussed previously. The survey questionnaire has adopted the five-point Likert scale which ranges from 1(strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree) as indicated in Table 3-1. Table 3-1: Instrument used in the questionnaire Strongly disagree 1 Disagree 2 Neither agree nor disagree 3 Agree 4 Strongly agree 5 The measurement items used to operationalize the constructs for the purpose of this study were adapted from relevant previous literature with necessary changes. A summary of the past research measures that is used in this study is indicated in Table 3-2. Table 3-2: Research variables and measurement Construct Source Job Satisfaction Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson (2003) Transformational Gadot (2006) Transactional Gadot (2006) Supportive Lee and Kamarul (2008) Directive Lee and Kamarul (2008) Participative Lee and Kamarul (2008) Job Satisfaction The items for job satisfaction were adopted from Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson (2003). The questionnaire used four items to access respondents satisfaction on their job. Table 3-3 shows the list of questions used for job satisfaction. Table 3-3: Job Satisfaction Diagnostic Survey Instruments How satisfied are you with your job currently? How satisfied are you with the overall chances of advancement in your organization? How satisfied are you with the career opportunities offered in your organization? How satisfied are you with the nature of the work in your organization? Source: Milliman, Czaplewski and Ferguson (2003), Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes, An exploratory empirical assessment Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 16 No.4, 2003, pp. 426-447. Leadership style The measurement items for leadership style were adapted from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). This measure was first introduced by Bass (1985) and then was further improved by Bass and Avolio (1993). It is used to gauge two leadership style scales, namely transformational and transactional. Respondents were asked on which particular leadership style their supervisor closely relates to. MLQ has been widely adapted by past researchers in examining the leadership styles. Table 3-4: Leadership Style Items Transformational Leadership My supervisor instills pride because of their association with the subordinates. My supervisor has gained trust in myself to avoid any obstacles. My supervisor inspires myself to be like him or her. My supervisor goes beyond his individual interest and focuses on the interest of his or her subordinates. My supervisor talks enthusiastically about what needs to be accomplished. My supervisor sets realistic vision and guides on achieving them. My supervisor is a symbol of success and accomplishment. My supervisor constantly views the future optimistically. My supervisor constantly suggests new ways to accomplish things. My supervisor always introduces new challenges and new assignments. My supervisor encourages to think in new ways to solve problems. My supervisor encourages to think creatively and innovatively to solve problems. My supervisor constantly provides coaching to improve my productivity. My supervisor always listens to my concern and helps me to improve. My supervisor always updates me with my performance and does the necessary to develop me. My supervisor treats each individual uniquely and attempts to satisfy subordinates current needs. Transactional Leadership My supervisor rewards performance when his or her expectations are fulfilled. My supervisor always sets the right expectation with me on what is offered when performance goals are met. Prior to any tasks, my supervisor states clear on the performance objectives, clarify rewards, and punishment when the correct output is received. My supervisor considers their relationship with subordinates as a series of contract, deals, or service and reward tradeoffs. My supervisor sets his focus on irregularities, mistakes, exceptions and deviations from standards. My supervisor keeps track on all the error, mistakes and wrong doing by the subordinates. My supervisor urges the subordinates to perform functions strictly according to positions requirement and nothing more. My supervisor is stringent about the rules and regulation of the organization and will take the necessary action if one were to not adhere. My supervisor does not interfere until the problem becomes serious. My supervisor always fire fights when taking corrective measures. My supervisor will only step in once the problems are chronic. My supervisor will not fix a problem until it is broken. Source: Gadot (2006), Leadership style, organizational politics, and employees performance, An empirical examination of two competing models, Personal Review Vol. 36 No. 5, 2007 pp. 661-683. Leadership Behavior In this research, a 13-item was adopted from Lee and Kamarul, (2008). It is used to measure three dimensions of leadership behavior, namely supportive, directive and participative behavior. Same as discussed above, survey respondents are requested to rate how closely his or her supervisor relate to the statements provided in the questionnaire. Likert scales was adopted for the respondents to rate the measurement items with (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree). There are four items used for supportive leadership, four items used for directive leadership behavior and five items used for participative leadership. Table 3-5 shows the questions adopted for leadership behavior. Table 3-5: Leadership Behavior Items Supportive Leadership My supervisor rewards performance when his or her expectations are fulfilled. Supervisor cares for the subordinates welfare. Supervisor does very little to make things pleasant. Supervisor treats all group members as equal. Directive Leadership Supervisor gives clear guidance and explains on how a work needs to be done. Supervisor decides what and how things should be done. Supervisor maintains definite standards of performance. Supervisor follows a schedule to get work accomplished. Participative Leadership Prior to making any decisions, supervisor considers the subordinates thoughts and what they have to say. Prior to making any decisions, supervisor consults with the subordinates. When a problem arises, supervisor consults with the subordinates. Supervisor asks subordinates for their suggestions and feedback. Supervisor listens to subordinates advice on which assignments should be made/taken. Source: Lee and Kamarul (2008), The moderating effects of organizational culture on the relationships between leadership behavior and organizational commitment and between organizational commitment and job satisfaction and performance, Leadership and Organization Development Journal Vol.30 No.1, 2009 pp.53-86. Sampling and population The goal of this study is to understand the relationship between leadership style and behavior on employees job satisfaction in the context of IT industries in Klang Valley and Selangor, the first step was to note down all the listed IT companies in Selangor and Klang Valley. This information was obtained through observation and information provided through colleagues and friends. The population of this research is all individuals who are employees, managers, stakeholders in IT companies in Klang Valley and Selangor. Convenience sampling was used for the purpose of this study. This is due to time constraint, quick responses and it is inexpensive compared to alternate sampling procedures. 3.6 Sources of Data Two methods were used to collect the data, namely primary and secondary data. Primary data for this survey was obtained by means of a survey questionnaire. Quantitative approach was used in the survey questionnaire to be able to measure the relationship between the variables that helps in statistical analysis. Secondary data collection was used to gather information through findings by past researchers using the qualitative approach. Journal sources from Emerald, Proquest, Science Direct related to this topic was studied to get an understanding on the variables. Besides, online journal sources, books related to this topic provides exploratory information that is used for this research. 3.7 Data Collection From the secondary data resources, a set of predetermined questions were created.. Three methods were used to collect data which is personally administered questionnaire, questionnaires attached with emails and online survey questionnaire. 3.7.1 Personally Administered Questionnaire Personally administered questionnaires were sent to all employees and colleagues that are attached with IT Companies in the Klang Valley and Selangor. This method ensured to receive back all the number of questionnaire sent within a short period of time. The advantage of this method is that it avoided any unusable surveys as if the respondents had any questions they were able to get the answers immediately. Personally administered questionnaire is where most of the survey responses were obtained for this research. A sample of personally administered questionnaire is attached in the Appendix. Questionnaires Attached with Emails The availability of internet has helped to send and receive data with a very minimal cost and quicker time span. Questionnaires attached to emails were sent to those who were not easily accessible geographically to pass the questionnaire. Questionnaires are mailed to the target respondents by providing an introduction on the objective of the research and clear guidelines on how to fill the survey and respond back. Although reminders were sent to respondents to increase the survey response, the questionnaires attached to emails received through this method was only 13 (6.5%) out of the overall survey responses. The disadvantage of mail questionnaires attached to emails is, one may not have the time to do the survey immediately at the point that they receive it and have the tendency to forget to response once it is being left for some time in their mailbox. 3.7.3 Online questionnaire An online questionnaire was first used to obtain data for this study. The www.surveyshare.com site was used to create the online questionnaire. The web based tool had the advantage of exporting the survey responses to Microsoft Excel format which is useful for inputting the responses in a structured manner. The automation of data exportation has helped data collection quickly. It is also cheaper to use the online tool as no paper and printing cost is involved. Data can be analysed as and when survey response is received since it automatically provides a summary and overview of all the survey responses received to date. Statistical Procedures The statistical software SPSS version 16 was used to analyse all the data obtained from the survey. Frequencies, means, percentage, reliability test (Cronbach coefficient) and multiple regressions were computed using the tool. To analyse the demographic details of the survey respondents, descriptive statistics which includes frequencies and percentages were done. To meet the research objective, multiple regressions were applied to study the significance between the variables as outlined in the research framework. Reliability Test of the Survey Instrument Table 3-5 presents the reliability measures for the 6 constructs discussed previously. The Cronbachs alpha value was determined from a pilot test with a sample of 30 respondents. The intention of the pilot test is to understand the ease of respondents answering the survey questions. At the same time, the reliability of the survey instrument is determined. The Cronbachs alpha value for job satisfaction, transformational leadership, transactional leadership, participative leadership and directive leadership exceeded 0.70. As for supportive leadership the Cronbachs alpha value is 0.637. Therefore, one of the items for measuring supportive leadership was removed to raise the Cronbachs alpha value to 0.788. Table 3-6: Cronbachs alpha value for six construct from pilot study. Construct Alpha No. of items Job Satisfaction 0.806 4 Transformational leadership 0.918 16 Transactional leadership 0.871 12 Participative leadership 0.915 5 Supportive leadership 0.637 4 Directive leadership 0.824 4